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… fatty coating around nerves. Without an intact coating, communication between nerves and the brain becomes impaired. However, it may be years before the first symptoms appear. The symptoms depend on which parts of the brain and spinal cord are affected. A typical symptom is blurry vision in one eye. It may develop … In the United States, at least 400,000 people do. MS can be detected with an MRI scan of the brain and spinal cord. Areas where the immune system has attacked the coating around nerves will …

… disorder called attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. ADHD is a common brain condition in children. Nationwide, more than 1 in 10 kids ages 4 to 17 have been diagnosed … but experts believe many complex factors may play a role. Studies suggest that some aspects of brain development can be delayed by 2 or 3 years in kids with ADHD, especially in the parts of the brain involved in thinking, planning, and paying attention. For many kids, Vitiello says, the …

… use nicotine are at risk of long-term health effects. Nicotine affects the development of the brain’s reward system and brain circuits that control attention and learning. Continued use of nicotine can lead to …

… things done without leaving the house have also boomed recently. Grocery delivery, telehealth visits, and online social hours can reduce the need to drive every day. Online options can’t—and …

… common headaches are those caused by migraine. Migraine isn’t just a headache. It’s a complex brain condition. Migraine headaches often occur on one side of the head. But they can also be on … live with post-traumatic headaches. These are headaches that linger after a traumatic brain injury or a concussion. They can last long after the injury is healed. Other, rarer types …

… age or experience with drinking. Blackouts happen when you drink so much alcohol that your brain isn’t able to store memories long-term. There are two types of blackouts. The most common … from too much drinking. In contrast, a person is awake during a blackout, but their brain is not creating new memories. Sometimes a person can transition from having a blackout to …

… cell named and tracked, and all of its nerve cells mapped. Like humans, … C. elegans … has a brain, muscles, digestive system, and more. But the simplicity of worms makes them easier to study. The worm’s entire nervous system, including the brain, is made of just 302 cells. “This is in contrast to the human brain, which has billions and billions of cells,” Rougvie explains. Yet people and worms have …

… people. Opioids can stop the body from processing pain on many levels, from the skin to the brain. Because they work throughout the body, he says, “Opioids can be very effective for … signals long after the body has repaired the muscle. Other types of chronic pain are driven by brain changes, explains Dr. David Williams, an NIH-funded pain researcher at the University of Michigan. When these changes happen, the brain continues to perceive pain even though the injury has healed. For people with this type of …

… persists despite counseling and medication. This is called treatment-resistant depression. Brain stimulation therapies may help some people with treatment-resistant depression. These use electricity or magnets to directly change brain activity. For people who don’t feel better after trying at least two standard drugs, a drug …

… on the belly lowers an infant’s blood pressure and reduces their ability to get oxygen to the brain. Between 2 and 4 months old, especially, the reflex to breathe to get more oxygen is repressed when an infant sleeps on their belly. Researchers also suspect that a brain condition may be a cause of SIDS. They have been studying the part of the brain that controls breathing and heart rate during sleep. They think these babies may not have …